Universal Dependency Relations
The following table lists the 37 universal syntactic relations used in UD v2. It is a revised version of the relations originally described in Universal Stanford Dependencies: A cross-linguistic typology (de Marneffe et al. 2014).
The upper part of the table follows the main organizing principles of the UD taxonomy such that rows correspond to functional categories in relation to the head (core arguments of clausal predicates, non-core dependents of clausal predicates, and dependents of nominals) while columns correspond to structural categories of the dependent (nominals, clauses, modifier words, function words). The lower part of the table lists relations that are not dependency relations in the narrow sense.
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* The advmod relation is used for modifiers not only of predicates but also of other modifier words.
Alphabetical listing
- acl: clausal modifier of noun (adjectival clause)
- advcl: adverbial clause modifier
- advmod: adverbial modifier
- amod: adjectival modifier
- appos: appositional modifier
- aux: auxiliary
- case: case marking
- cc: coordinating conjunction
- ccomp: clausal complement
- clf: classifier
- compound: compound
- conj: conjunct
- cop: copula
- csubj: clausal subject
- dep: unspecified dependency
- det: determiner
- discourse: discourse element
- dislocated: dislocated elements
- expl: expletive
- fixed: fixed multiword expression
- flat: flat multiword expression
- goeswith: goes with
- iobj: indirect object
- list: list
- mark: marker
- nmod: nominal modifier
- nsubj: nominal subject
- nummod: numeric modifier
- obj: object
- obl: oblique nominal
- orphan: orphan
- parataxis: parataxis
- punct: punctuation
- reparandum: overridden disfluency
- root: root
- vocative: vocative
- xcomp: open clausal complement